Chapter categories

REPUBLIC PERIOD

An increasingly uneasy association between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party developed and continued until April 12, 1927, when Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Yat-sen’s political heir, instituted a bloody purge to stamp out the Communists within the Kuomintang and the government and virtually paralyzed their ranks throughout China. Some time after the mid-1927 purges, the Chinese Communist Party turned to armed force to resist Chiang Kai-shek and during the period of 1930–34 acquired control over large parts of Kiangsi (Kiangsi), Fukien (Fujian), Hunan and Hupeh (Hubei). The Nationalist Nanking government responded with a series of campaigns against the Soviet power bases and, by October 1934, succeeded in driving the remnants of the Communist army to a refuge in Shensi (Shaanxi) Province. The Communists reorganized under the leadership of Mao Tse-tung, defeated the Nationalist forces, and on Sept. 21, 1949 formally established the People’s Republic of China. The deterioration of relations between Russia and Communist China steadily progressed after 1958, when China expressed an independent center of Communist power.

SOVIET PERIOD

Prior to 1949, the Peoples Republic of China did not exist as such, but the Communists did control areas known as “Soviets”. Most of the “Soviets” were established on the borders of two or more provinces and were named according to the provinces involved. Thus there were such “Soviets” as the Kiangsi-Hunan Soviet, the Hunan-Hupeh-Kiangsi Soviet, the Hupeh-Honan-Anhwei Soviet and others. In 1931 some of the “Soviets” in the southern Kiangsi area were consolidated into the Chinese Soviet Republic, which lasted until the Long March of 1934.

NOTE: The following listings are incomplete as other issuers exist which will be added when developed for future editions of this volume.

MONETARY SYSTEM:
10 Wen (Cash) = 1 Fen (Cent)
10 Fen (Cents) = 1 Chiao (Hao)
10 Chiao = 1 Yüan (Dollar)

NOTE: Colors may vary greatly even with significant changes in many issues due to the shortage of quality materials and access to modern printing facilities.

Issuer Identification

Issuer index compiled from this book’s chapters; original inscriptions retained.